Concept of Phytoremediation

In recent years it has become advance that some environmental chemicals arse cause risks to the developing embryo and fetus. Evaluating the developmental cyanogenicity of environmental chemicals is today a prominent public health concern. The suspected association between trichloroethane and congenital cardiac mal constructations warrants special attention because TCE is a common drinking piss contaminant that is detected in water supplies throughout the U.S. and the world. There is a lot of concern about the clean up of toxic pollutants from the environment.Traditional manners for cleaning up soil sites such as dig and haul, pump and treat, soil venting, mental strain sparging and others argon largely harmful to habitats. Some methods strip the soil of vital nutrients and microorganisms, so nonhing faeces grow on the site, even if it has been decontaminated. Typically these mechanical methods be also very expensive. Most of the redress technologies that are up-to-the-mi nutely in use are very expensive, relatively inefficient and generate a lot of waste, to be disposed of.Phytoremediation is a novel, efficient, environmentally friendly, low- represent technology, which uses engrafts and trees to clean up soil and water contaminated with heavy metals and/or organic contaminants such as solvents, crude oil, polyaromatic hydrocarbons and other toxic compounds from contaminated environments. This technology is reclaimable for soil and water remediation.Phytoremediation uses one basic concept the plant chooses the pollutant through the roots. The pollutant earth-closet be stored in the plant (phytoextraction), volatized by the plant (phytovolatization), metabolized by the plant (phytodegradation), or any junto of the above.Phytoextraction is the uptake and storage of pollutants in the plants stem or leaves. Some plants, called hyperaccumulators, draw pollutants through the roots. later on the pollutants tuck in the stem and leaves the plants ar e harvested. Then plants squirt be either burned or sold. tear down if the plants cannot be used, incineration and disposal of the plants is still cheaper than traditional remediation methods. As a comparison, it is estimated a site containing 5000 scores of contaminated soil will produce only 20-30 haemorrhoid of ash (Black, 1995). This method is particularly useful when remediating metals. Some metals are also organismness recycled from the ash.Phytovolatization is the uptake and vaporization of pollutants by a plant. This mechanism takes a solid or liquid contaminant and transforms it to an circulateborne vapor. The vapor can either be the stark(a) pollutant, or the plant can metabolize the pollutant before it is vaporized, as in the case of mercury, lead and southeast (Boyajian and Carriera, 1997 Black, 1995 Wantanbe, 1997).Phytodegradation is plants metabolizing pollutants. After the contaminant has been drawn into the plant, it assimilates into plant tissue, where the plant then rases the pollutant. This metabolization by plant-derived enzymes such as nitrosedictase, laccase, dehalogenase, and nitrilase assimilates into plant tissue, where the plant then degrades the pollutant. This metabolization by plant-derived enzymes such as nitroredictase, laccase, dehalogenase, and nitrilase, has yet to be fully documented, but has been present in content studies (Boyajian and Carriera, 1997). The daughter compounds can be either volatized or stored in the plant. If the daughter compounds are relatively benign, the plants can still be used in traditional applications.The most effective current phytoremediation sites in practice combine these three mechanisms to clean up a site. For example, poplar trees can accumulate, degrade and volatize the pollutants in the remediation of organics.Phytoremediation is more than just set and letting the foliage grow the site mustiness be engineered to prevent erosion and flooding and maximize pollutant uptake. Ther e are 3 main planting techniques for phytoremediation.1.Growing plants on the land, like crops. This technique is most useful when the contaminant is within the plant root zone, typically 3 6 feet (Ecological Engineering, 1997), or the tree root zone, typically 10-15 feet.2.Growing plants in water (aquaculture). Water from recentlyer aquifers can be pumped out of the ground and circulated through a reactor of plants and then used in an application where it is returned to the earth (e.g. irrigation)3.Growing trees on the land and constructing wells through which tree roots can grow. This method can remediate deeper aquifers in-situ. The wells provide an artery for tree roots to grow toward the water and form a root system in the capillary fringe.The majority of current research in the phytoremediation field revolves around determining which plant bring ins most efficiently in a given application. non all plant species will metabolize, volatize, and/or accumulate pollutants in the same manner. The goal is to ascertain which plants are most effective at remediating a given pollutant. Research has yielded some general guidelines for groundwater phytoremediation plants. The plant must grow quickly and consume large quantities of water in a short time. A unattackable plant would also be able to remediate more than one pollutant because pollution rarely occurs as a single compound. Poplars and cottonwoods are being studied extensively because they can used as frequently as 25 to 350 gallons of water per day, and they can remediate a wide variety of organic compounds, including LNAPLs.Phytoremediation has been shown to work on metals and moderately hydrophobic compounds such as BTEX compounds, chlorinated solvents, ammunition wastes, and nitrogen compounds. Yellow poplars are generally favored by Environmental Scientists for use in phytoremediation at this time. They can grow up to 15 feet per year and absorb 25 gallons of water a day. They have an extensive roo t system, and are patient of to everything from gypsy moths to toxic wastes.Partial listing of current remediation possibilities.Plant Chemicals Clean-up numbersPondweed trinitrotoluene & RDX 0.016-0.019 mg of TNT L per dayPoplar Trees Atrazine 91% of the Atrazine taken up in 10 daysPoplars Nitrates from fertilizers From 150 mg/L to 3 mg L in under 3yrs. leaf mustard Greens Lead 45% of the excess was removedPennycress Zinc & Cadmium 108 lb./acre per year & 1.7 lb./acre per yr.Halophytes Salts reduced the flavor levels in the soils by65%Advantages and Disadvantages to PhytoremediationAdvantages ( www.rtdf.org/genlatst.htm)1.Aesthetically pleasing and publicly accepted.3.Works with metals and slightly hydrophobic compounds, including many organics.4.Can stimulate bioremediation in the soil closely associated with the plant root. Plants can stimulate microorganisms through the release of nutrients and the transport of oxygen to their roots.5.Relatively inexpensive phytoremediation can cost as little as $10 $100 per cubic yard whereas metal washing can cost $30 $300 per cubic yard.6.Even if the plants are contaminated and unusable, the resulting ash is approximately 20-30 tons per 5000 tons soil (Black, 1997).7.Having ground cover on property reduces exposure risk to the community (i.e. lead).8.Planting vegetation on a site also reduces erosion by wind and water.9.Can leave usable topsoil inviolable with minimal environmental disturbance.10.Generates recyclable metal rich plant residue.11.Eliminates secondary air or water-borne wastes.1.Can take many growing seasons to clean up a site.2.Plants have short roots. They can clean up soil or groundwater near the surface in-situ, typically 3 6 feet (Ecological Engineering, 1997), but cannot remediate deep aquifers without further design work.3.Trees have longer roots and can clean up slightly deeper defilement than plants, typically 10-15 feet, but cannot remediate deep aquifers without further design work .4.T rees roots grow in the capillary fringe, but do not extend deep in to the aquifer. This makes remediating DNAPLs in situ with plants and trees not recommended.5.Plants that absorb toxic materials may contaminant the food chain.6.Volatization of compounds may transform a groundwater pollution conundrum to an air pollution problem.7.Returning the water to the earth after(prenominal) aquaculture must be permitted.8.Less efficient for hydrophobic contaminants, which gravel tightly to soil.1) At the Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth, phytoremediation is being used to clean up trichloroethylene (TCE) from a shallow, thin aerobic aquifer. Cottonwoods are being used, and after 1 year, the trees are beginning to show signs of taking the TCE out of the aquifer. (Betts, 1997)2) At the Iowa Army Ammunitions Plant, phytoremediation is being used as a polishing treatment for explosive-contaminated soil and groundwater. The demonstration, which ended in March, 1997, used inherent aquatic plant and hybrid poplars to remediate the site where an estimated 1-5% of the original pollutants still remain. A full-scale regorge is estimated to reduce the contamination by an order of magnitude (Betts, 1997).3) After investigating using phytoremediation on a site contaminated with hydrocarbons, the Alabama Department of Environmental Management granted a site. The site gnarled about 1500 cubic yards of soil, and began with approximately 70% of the baseline samples containing over 100 PPM of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH). After 1 year of vegetative cover, approximately 83% of the samples contained less than 10-PPM TPH.4) Phytoremediation was used at the decommissioned Detroit Forge plant to clean up approximately 5,800 cubic yards of lead-impacted soil. Two plantings were completed, the first using sunflowers and the second mustard plants. following treatment, analysis indicated soil lead concentrations were below the target clean-up criteria. The project resulted in an estimated saving of $1,100,000 over speculative waste disposal.5) Water, soil, and trees transpired gases were monitored to track the fate of TCE. About 2-4% of the TCE remained in the effluent as compared to 68% in a non-vegetated control group. The field trial demonstrated that over 95% of TCE were removed by planting trees and letting them grow. Additional studies showed that the trees did not release TCE into the air, as no measurable TCE was present in the air immediately surrounding the leaves (captured in small leaf bags and analyzed) or in the general atmosphere (using a laser technology that can see TCE in the air in the tree canopy).Phytoremediation is an aesthetically pleasing, solar-energy driven, and passive technique that can be used at sites with low to moderate levels of contamination. Phytoremediation is more than just planting and letting the foliage grow the site must be engineered to prevent erosion and flooding and maximize pollutant uptake. Currently, t he majority of research is concentrated on determining the better(p) plant for the job, quantifying the mechanisms by which the plants convert pollutants, and determining which contaminants are amenable to phytoremediation. Polluted sites are being studied, and phytoremediation looks assure for a variety of contaminants.

The difference between school and life

Often times, the really tools that we provide kids with, in order to heighten their educational experience, turn emerge to be barriers that they must suppress foremost. American writer Tom Bodett one time said, the difference mingled with shoal and life? In school, you re learning a lesson and so given a trial. In life, you re given a trial that t apiecees you a lesson. This is the endeavour we must habituate when analyzing the effeteness of cypher works of computer science machines on our pupils. Modern society faces the hard undertaking of tacking the following coevals with all of the scientific tools necessary to derive a comprehensive instruction, even while it struggles to get the hang the implements provided. As impertinentfangled society sees a dis emergement into digital age, schools were non left unaffected. Get downing in the early reason machines and related design were topographic point into school scenes. The major statement was that compute machines wo uld supply kids with inquiry possibilities that extended beyond the walls of a library or schoolroom.The cause of presenting engineering into the schoolroom was spear-headed by, Massachusetts name of Technology mathematician, Seymour Papert. Papert sought, at commencement ceremony, to alter the assembly line work push throughing method kids used by leting them to be to the full submerged in the experience. His thoughts warranted a trail, and led 100s of schoolrooms, across the state to take computing machines. As with all enterprises, if non implemented, lasted, nurtured, and tested with the uttermost attention, it will fall distant short of come onlooks this is exactly the scenario that played out in these 100s of schoolrooms across the state.Old ages after the first personal computing machines were introduced to these oasiss of cognition, bookmans set out to measure the betterments that were promised. their findings were less than satisfactory. Yet it was a clear defect in their execution that led computing machines to be such a dearly-won failure. With bookmans and instructors left disgruntled it is of import to detect why this failure happened and how to foreknow it from go oning once much. A expression into the background and inspiration for presenting such engineering to schools will supply at least, a basic hypothesis for why the computing machines failed to make its expected betterment consequences.In the 1960ss Seymour Papert was laughed at when he talked about kids being able to utilize computing machines as learning instruments and bait of their creativeness. So who is this adult male, Professor Seymour Papert who said that utilizing computing machines could serve well kids larn and socialise more amongst each other. Born February 29, 1928 in Pretoria, South Africa, Professor Seymour Papert is an MIT mathematician, computing machine scientist, and pedagogue. He is besides considered one of the innovators of unreal intelligence, ever y bit goodness as being an discoverer of the Logo scheduling linguistic communication. Papert worked as a question worker at St. John s College, Cambridge, the Henri Poincare Institute at the University of Paris, the University of Geneva and the study Physical Laboratory in London before he became a research associate at MIT in 1963 where he held this place until 1967, when he so became a professor of applied math and the motorbus of the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, until 1981 he besides served as Cecil & A Ida Green professor of instruction at MIT from 1974-1981. 1 In 1964 Papert was asked to fall in the module at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he helped to establish the Artificial Intelligence Lab with Marvin Minsky. He so besides developed the perform for computing machine linguistic communication, LOGO, and several new thoughts for computing machines and instruction with the aid of major grants from the National wisdom Foundation. The LOGO li nguistic communication is adopted global and has been adapted for the workout of new engineerings in Africa, Latin America, Europe and the USA. Along with Alan Kay, Papert pioneered early thoughts in the tradition of computing machines by kids that would take to the development of the first construct for a laptop computing machine. In the past few old ages Papert concentrated to a great extent on working with pedagogues in Iowa, where he has facen how to accommodate the educational usage of robotic construction for new kids and across gender lines. He became the primary influence in converting Maine Governor Angus fagot to boldly set up the province of Maine as the first province in the universe to handle the one-to-one computer science with the arrangement of laptops in all 7th and eight class schoolrooms in 2002-2003. 2 With the support of chair Clinton, the Lunch Box to Laptops provided a great chance to put Maine and its immature citizens in the place of national lead ing. Some believe that it is an indispensable constituent of Maine s ongoing attempts to construct on a hi-tech economic system whilst others argued that the benefits of increased technological influence will non exclusively make kids but besides their parents.In the early 1990 s President Bill Clinton had proposed a $ 2 billion see to assist increase the entree to computing machines and the Internet in low-income vicinities and schools.2 With that being said, the President s Panel on Educational engineering had argued that the federal authorities should pass at least between $ 6 billion and $ 28 billion each twelvemonth on an ambitious plan of computing machine substructure development ( for both hardware and package ) , teacher preparation, and research.5 A research was performed on pupils who used the computing machines in the schoolroom one time a hebdomad and were so given a trial by the National Assessment of Educational Progress ( NAEP ) to find if the usage of computing ma chines in the schoolroom had both a positive and direct accomplishment on talent members. forthwith the analysis provided that the pupils did non accomplish a higher mark on the NAEP reading trial versus those pupils who did non utilize the computing machines in schoolrooms at all. Now one major consideration was that instructors were non decently trained nor alert to utilize the computing machines, since those pupils of instructors who are non adequately trained to utilize them in reading direction may non execute every bit good on the NAEP reading trial as pupils whose instructors are adequately trained. Now such disbursement would assist to supplement the $ 1.25 billion in federal money that was already spent between two financial old ages ( FY ) 1997 and FY 2000 on the engineering Literacy Challenge Fund,6 which helps to supply support for new computing machines, package, and teacher preparation. Although it seemed that politicians were speedy to name for the authorities sub sidies to increase the enter of computing machines in schoolrooms, there was old research on the effectivity of computing machines in bettering a kid s academic accomplishment which resulted to be inconclusive at best.7 In other words, it was non clear that passing more and more revenue enhancement dollars on computing machines would hike trial tonss. The usage of computing machines in schoolrooms may non play a large adequate function in explicating reading ability. therefore, giving overlarge entiretys of federal revenue enhancement dollars to the purchases of computing machine hardware, package plans, and infinite hours of preparation for instructors, it could herd out other worthwhile educational outgos, for illustration, new text editions, the humanistic disciplines and music plans, and vocational instruction. There have been no studies that do non propose that there is no topographic point for computing machines in the schoolrooms. It does, nevertheless, raise that comput ing machines may non hold the consequence on academic accomplishment in reading that about might anticipate, even when they are used by well-trained teachers.So was nt Papert s nonsubjective carried out to the fullest? wherefore was the proving non relevant to computing machine? It is non surprising that people are rooted in a school s construct of how learning should take topographic point resist such restructuring. What is surprising though is the logical deformation they resort to in order to carry themselves, every bit good as others, that there are more powerful nonsubjective grounds that make the transmutation about impossible. There are three major issues that were brought by, surprisingly by the schools themselves. What was stated was that the computing machine was intensive and far excessively dearly-won to give every kid in a schoolroom, when in world schools place computing machines on a little based budget, for illustration authorship utensils. In world the active cos t of buying computing machines for each kid would be between $ 200 and $ 500 and they would come about their estimated life-time of five old ages. Second, it was stated that instructors would non be capable of supplying the proper cognition when it is needed to the pupils. Now if you allow pupils, of all ages, to work together so it would demo them a beginning of cognition in which if free networked computing machines fundamentally provide limitless beginnings of cognition. Last, it was said that this sort of work is contrary to the conviction that leting computing machine usage in school would be balked at by both instructors and parents. This is only when an premise that it would be imposed on everyone else the right manner and it continue to be a job unless one chooses to accept this new alteration. Papert s aim is merely ill-conceived and certain groups of people note it is a waste of snip off and money when it should nt be looked that manner. The computing machines tha t will be the polar force out for alteration, will be of those outside the control of schools and outside the schools inclination as to change over new thoughts into old ways. We are already hearing narratives about the influence in schoolrooms of kids whose entree to at-home computing machines and to a place acquisition civilization has given them a high degree of non merely computing machine expertness but besides of seeking cognition and criterions in what constitutes a serious rational undertaking. The figure of these kids are expected and will turn exponentially in the following few old ages.A countrywide study of instructors in classs 4 through 12 who are experienced and accomplished at incorporating computing machines into their instruction. Of 1200 instructors who were sent the 16-page questionnaire, merely 608 returned the completed studies. Now the intent of analyzing these instructors was to seek and detect the ways in which they can utilize computing machines in their schoolrooms, and how they believe their instruction has changed as a consequence of the usage of computing machines, and the sorts of barriers and inducements that are of import to them. Major findings show that these instructors ( 1 ) are comfy with computing machine engineering, give their ain clip to larn how to utilize computing machines, and have local support for utilizing them ( 2 ) work in schools averaging more than twice the figure of computing machines than other schools ( 3 ) usage computing machines for m some(prenominal) intents including showing an thought, direction, word processing, and advancing student-generated merchandises and ( 4 ) expect more from their pupils, are able to show more complex stuffs to their pupils, and foster more independency in the schoolroom. You can merely reason that corresponding achievements on a wider graduated table can be achieved if ample engineering, support, and clip for instructors to larn and be trained in the engineering is provided to them, and if an academic and cultural construction exists to promote instructors to take an experimental attack to their work.Harmonizing to the federal No Child Left Behind Act, pupils should be engineering literate by the clip they complete 8th class. However non every kid has equal entree to engineering. Often, schools in flush vicinities whirl pupils a richer and better engineering experience than schools in poorer territories. Furthermore, there is a engineering spread that does be and some say it merely continues to turn, chiefly between America s center and lower categories. legion(predicate) perceivers and research workers believe that engineering can assist better larning but merely if it is right deployed and thoroughly understood. Technology in schoolrooms has to be distinguished from engineering in schools, said Howie Schaffer, public outreach manager at the Public Education Network, an organisation working to reform public schools in low-income communit ies. For Papert s aim to go effectual, engineering in schools must travel beyond holding a computing machine research laboratory that pupils merely visit a few times hebdomadally for 20 or 30 proceedingss. A successful, technology-rich school must incorporate engineering into their course of study, and instructors should be trained to utilize the engineering to maximize its possible. In 2004 the mean American public school instructor merely had a lurid sum of eight hours of development on things that were determined classified engineering. In order for engineering to do any difference in the schoolrooms, is if the computing machines equipment is working decently, the instructors are good trained and it is integrated into the schools or instructors curriculum. electronic computer engineering is used in math, scientific discipline, the humanistic disciplines and in natural philosophies. The construct is non lost on federal functionaries. Tim Magner, deputy manager for the Office of E ducationalTechnology at the U.S. Department of Education, understands that a good designed engineering program can better academic public presentation. The impact of engineering in the schoolroom depends to a great extent on its execution, he said. Technology, when thoughtfully applied in the context of use of an overall instructional plan, can hold some pretty important effects. Now Microsoft Technologies has agreed to assist develop instructors at schools that are willing and ready to accept the usage of computing machines in the schoolroom course of study, which is a large success even though some may see it as a immense hazard but that is non the instance. Equally good as assisting pedagogues improve their cognition of engineering and their method of fixing pupils, engineering can prosecute kids in the course of study when they may other than be disinterested.

Women Past and Present

Women past cartridge holders and Present During the 20th century, women in general was limited, however women argon now in a practically better position than before. We, as women, especially those of us who live in liberal parts of the world, ofttimes take for granted the rights and benefits, which we have. We forget that in other times, women were not considered to be equal to their male counterparts they were considered to be helpless subordinates to the men with whom they lived. Though we do not often consider it, we owe much of these daily freedoms to women of the past, who struggled and pushed for equal rights and recognition.Their determination helped us gain increased education, economic status, and political rights, among other things. In the colonial times, the Colonial womens role in the family was the keeper of the home, and that was all she was really allowed. She made the familys clothes, she provided a home cooked meal, and took care of the children, all of this by herself until the female children were old enough to be of use. She could do postcode for her sons, they were to be submissive on the farther, or be apprenticed out. She was, in fact, her economises slave.Women were seen as weak piece beings. They were not allowed to have other aspirations. She had no say in eitherthing that went on she could save follow her husbands commandments. This male dominated society dictates that women be inoffensive and obedient and is financially dependent of the husband. cleaning womans role was strictly limited to home and family. As for the question of free time, what free time? If they by chance had any, they usually baked, or got some mending done or make candles. Basically, more tasks. Idle hands are the devils tools, is what they were encouraged to believe.During the nineteenth century, women were viewed as homemakers, not able-bodied to perform in society with men. They were degraded by men to believe that they were worth almost nothing, only worthy of bearing children. This superfluous male domination lead too many women feeling confine in their own homes, unable to escape from the confinements placed on them by their husbands. However things did change, women started working outdoors of their home. Besides farm work, their jobs were mainly in traditional womens fields such as teaching, nursing, and domesticated service.Textile mills and clothing factories are traditional employers of women. They worked in these factories and war-related industries while World War II was being fought, and many of them enjoyed the opportunity to work outside the home. By the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century improvements aided in giving women more rights, and educational and occupational opportunities. The growth of commercial laundries and expanding occupation of clothing, processed foods, and other household items relieved women of many tasks and created hundreds of jobs for them outside the home.Manufacturing, retail and wholesale trade, banking, and services grew cursorily in the early 20th century. The success of many of these ventures depended on women. Middle- severalise women had it much easier than lower class women. More opportunities, more advancement, and more respect. When they did accept women the numbers were limited because women lacked the education to be prepared for any type of higher learning. Other women found jobs in rudimentary school teaching, managing clubs for poor youth, poor late women and schools for infants.Women during this time were beginning to see that not only did they belong in the home, but they could also realize a role in the workplace. Today, women study subjects of personal interest, they seek degrees that match their talents and aspirations. one time they began to go to college, they began to dispute societys expectations as well as their personal experiences. The major detonator of the womens endeavour was education, ch anging the womans role in society from passive to an active and vital force. Once women began receiving higher education, there was no turning back.Occupations were limited but women began to filter into the male-dominated world. Before this time women were ignorant and not capable to vote. A four-year college education is likewise common as women go to earn their surmounts degree and PhD. Yet, for women in the workforce, there are still many cases where barriers exist that may limit their chances of earning that promotion. They still have a hard time with power and they have a harder time holding power. In the long run, women became activists pushing for the rights and eventually succeeded.They have much more freedom and equality now, thank to the women who pushed for equal rights, and it was slowly realized that females have the same capabilities to think and have responsibilities as men. Women today are postponing the role of motherhood and are concentrating more on their caree rs. If there are any require that needs to be fulfilled in a womans life, this is it well paying job, being on the executive level and prove that we can also be female dominators. Women in todays society are focused more on independence.

Inventions Are Not Just Scientific Advancement but Also Cultural Practices

Technological inventions ar non erect scientific advancement solely also cultural practices The paper is to explain Hugh Mackays arguments regarding how technology is always cultural through with(predicate) and through. In relation to his conceptions, cassette-based Walkman, Discman and iPod are used as examples to illustrate how technological inventions are non just scientific advancement still also cultural practices. In the book Consumption and Everyday animateness published in 1997, Hugh Mackay argued that technology is cultural through and through, stating that every technological artifacts is totally tie in with and influenced by refinement.The argument can be analyzed in more details by applying the guinea pig of portable music players (PMPs) to the Circuit of Culture. The Circuit consists of five major cultural executees, which are production, regulation, representation and inlet and indistinguishability of certain artifacts. The Circuit can start at any point, a nd whiz must go through every process when studying each case completely. As all parts are connected with each other, it may appear again in other parts (Martin, 2003). To begin with, the process of production is organized culturally. In the past, Sony did not intend to do market research until the Walkman is introduced.Now every companies fill in the importance of market research (will be discussed later). Besides, Sony designers enjoy great functional and occupational status that dis power their work (du Gay, P. , 1997, p. 58-59, 62-63). As the Walkman and hence Sony becomes so successful, designers and programmers in technological artifacts producers like Microsoft and Apple are highly valued. Similarly, 1 of the reasons that why iPod becomes popular is that Apple performs excellent market researches and provides a comfortable working milieu for its designers.Representation of PMPs refers to how they are imaged and defined. Since the Walkman was initially designed for young music-listeners, its advertisements often focus on the technical qualities of the Walkman small but with high sound quality, which is unbelievable at that time (du Gay, P. , 1997, p. 26). But then the market research shows that not only youngsters but also those who participate in outdoorsy activities consume the Walkman. Therefore Sony started to customize the Walkman to see different markets in Japan and all over the world.For example, solar-powered, water proof and other special designs for outdoor activities are then developed for hikers and divers (du Gay, P. , 1997, p. 65-68). This not only shows that how advertising can shape a product and open new market, but also how important market research is knowing what consumers exigency is the key to produce a popular product. Furthermore, although the Walkman was originally decided for portable music, but as measure goes and technology advances, different consumers now use PMPs for different purposes.For example, most teenagers may use it to listen to their have music. For clergies and pious believers, they may be used to listen to the scripture or sermon. For hardworking learners, they may control learning when they are travelling by comprehend to talking-books. Sometimes even museum or gallery visitors helper themselves to focus on their trip or enhance their imagination by listening to some scenery music. In fact, how PMPs were consumed can show its identity. PMPs associate different people and groups with the environment differently.According to Sonys possess market research into the Walkman usage, it can be divided to two parts, namely escape and enhancement. The spring one refers to the most common usage listening to music or talking-books by PMPs while travelling, which usually provide an opportunity for one to enjoy his or her small world, but disconnect one from the surrounding background music and hence the society temporarily. The latter one refers to using PMPs to focus on ones work or just relax, which actually help one to strengthen ones connection to the environment or the productivity in workplace (du Gay, P. 1997, p. 92-94). While radio and telecasting encouraging mansion-based consumption, PMPs has introduced a new culture of consumption and the way of listening to music private listening at public place, which has blurred the difference of public and private place. In the past, it was widely current that public place refer to space shared by everyone in the community, while private place refer to space holded by particular person or group, say, ones home (du Gay, P. , 1997, p. 113-114). But now, everyone with a PMP can enjoy his or her own music or channels in public place.If one plays his or her PMSs too loudly, it may disturb the one around him or her. Therefore, in some place, for example the London Underground, in that respect exist regulations limiting the maximum volume of PMPs (du Gay, P. , 1997, p. 117). And in Hong Kong, there are several quit e carriages in former KCR discouraging people from making noise in the carriages. Apart from the Circuit of Culture, the transformation from cassette-based Walkman and the Discman to iPod (and smart phone) is cultural, too.Firstly, the size of PMPs is getting smaller so that it is easier to carry in todays busy and crowded cities. Secondly, the mode of playing and selecting music has changed, too. Using the Walkman and the Discman, one could only forward or backward the content linearly, or else one may need to make his or her own cassette or CD. But nowadays one may set up his or her own playlist by using iTunes to combine ones favourite songs from different albums easily kinda of bringing portable hardware like cassettes and CDs out.Last but not least, iPod has much more functions than the Walkman and the Discman, such as photo viewer, calendar, stopwatch and many games. All these changes are responding the modern culture advocating for convenience, freedom and individualism. To conclude, the production of a product is closely related with its consumption, and market research is the bridge between the two that helps customize the identity of the product and hence helps the company to represent it by advertisement.The invention of PMPs has developed a new culture of listening to music, which is a reflection of our modern culture but for the good of the community, its usage needs to be regulated so as to protect the right of every users and non-users nearby. Finally, it shows us that these technological inventions are not just scientific advancement but also about cultural practices all the time. Reference du Gay, P. , Hall, S. , James, N. , Mackay, H. and Negus, K. 1997 Doing heathenish Studies The Story of the Sony Walkman, London Sage Martin, F. (ed. ) 2003 Interpreting Everyday Culture, London Arnold. 176-178

Employee Training and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Employee Training and Development - Essay exemplificationSecondly, role-playing orients trainees to the behavioral, situational, and operational expectations that apply in the workplace. In essence, such exercises enable the employee to build courage and confidence eliminate for the job. Most importantly, role-playing during training serves as a motivational practice for the employees under training. This gives them an upper hand to the cause of the essence of the training and subsequent job execution.On the downside, role-playing in the training process has its disadvantages. This practice could intimidate trainees in one way or another. If the employee or trainee fails to achieve the expected outcome of the exercise, their perception some the training and subsequent outcomes of the training could be in jeopardy (Saks, Haccoun, & Belcourt, 2010). Additionally, these exercises could challenge the self-esteem of the trainee, thereby negating the prospects of the full process. Th erefore, it is important for the trainer to understand the employees and their personalities during

The Effect of Motivators on the Performance of Real Estate Agents Essay

The Effect of Motivators on the Performance of Real Estate Agents - Essay physical exerciseGiven the above stated observations, one may surmise that real realm agencies in France project attractive profit-making potentials, insofar as they operate in a merchandise which attracts both domestic and external buyers and investors. While that may be the case, the fact remains that the potential of any real land way of life can only be realised through the efforts of its sales force and its agents. As Davis (2002) explains, the performance of individual(a) real estate agencies is inextricably dependant upon the characteristics, activities and qualities of its sales force with it, therefore, being incumbent upon real estate agency managers to deploy such motif techniques and strategies as would incite performance (Davis, 2002).As may be deduced from the above, the dissertation proposes to undertake an analysis of the French real estate market and the performance of a direct number of real estate agencies therein, with specific focus on the extent to which the deployment of motivation techniques may positively impact agency performance.The importance f the plain derives from the fact that it will examine the efficacy of implementing motivation theory as a means of inciting higher sales figures and improving the performance of sales teams. ... Furthermore, bit the study shall specifically focus on the mentioned in relation to the French real estate market, the hypothetic models that shall be discussed and the recommendation that will be proposed, are applicable to the international real estate market and to those business firms whose performance is inextricably linked to the activities of its sales force. In other words, even though the study is of immediate importance to the French real estate agencies, its value extends beyond that to embrace real estate agency performance per se, irrespective of geographic location, and sales-based organisations and firms .Literature ReviewNumerous management researchers and scholars have accentuate the importance of motivation strategies as a tool for the maximisation of employee payoff and productivity (Igalens and Roussel, 1999 .Reinharth and Wahba, 1975 Kim, 1984). Few, if any, have gainsay the fact that managements toleration of employee-targeted motivation strategies, especially as pertains to sales personnel, improves both individual employee output and general firm performance but scholars, have, nevertheless, debated the most effective motivation strategies (Kallenberg, 2000 Wallace, 1995).Silvester et al. (2003) maintain that empirical evidence suggests that the adoption of any of the existent motivation theories and the integration of their incentive guidelines into an organisations management paradigm positively contributes to organisational performance and maximises employee output. To fort up their argument, the researchers undertake a comparative study of the effect of the implem entation of an array of motivation strategies and theories on employee output and performance, maintaining that the study

Information Communication Technology in Agriculture Essay

Information Communication engineering science in Agriculture - Essay ExampleIn injure of using current existing technology production is coming out poor, which means there atomic number 18 some critical factors that are affecting it. In this paper various come outes ordain be taken to sort out the key aspires of this issue. Farmers will be interviewed directly or indirectly in prepare to get their viewpoints about whether they are receiving proper data and knowledge or not or the information given to them is sufficient and understandable or not. After proper survey Information Communication Technology (ICT) will be used to rectify them. This paper mostly concentrates on different scopes of ICT in the domain of agriculture.Urbanization which directly affects the agricultural fine-tune. Before urbanization proper knowledge of land management is necessary. read one land that can accommodate 100 persons adequately but due to improper land management only 50 peoples are gettin g placed. It results into increase in urban area unnecessarily. This enigma can be solved using information technology where, peoples habits, tastes and lifestyles are studied and according to that optimal residential area can be defined.Climatic changes like flood drought, weather changes also sustain impacts on foods1. Todays technology that can be used for sophisticated statistical calculation in rove to get idea of climatic change and based on that, steps are taken.The most grave factor is lacking ... The most important factor is lacking of proper knowledge among the public regarding the burst using of resources. Here Information Communication Technology (ICT) plays one vital role. ICT is the best tool for share-out knowledge among erecters. Establishing rural nedeucerk will enhance farmers idea exchanging capability. Apart from that using remote farm consulting system through camera and wireless, adequate information can be delivered.Research QuestionsResearch marriage proposal starts with research question or hypothesis. For this study research questions are1. What are the basic problems that agriculture manufacturing is facing today2. Will Information Communication Technology (ICT) work better for these cases3. If yes to question 2 then till what extent it will serve our purposeObjectivesThe main purpose of this research is to suck in how information communication technology will be used for better agricultural purposes. This research will address the problems related to farmers awareness and usage of ICT to overcome the issues. The direction of this work will have two three major phases as research questions. First one is going through existing literatures and tools to point out the core problems, the basic variables which are responsible for that degradation and also the extent they are affecting. arcminute phase will be checking whether ICT can make any improvement over the existing ones. have and survey will be done in this stage. After researcher is confident enough with ICT approach finally, several methodologies will be proposed to implement the idea and then execution of these solutions will be done. rule The above figures are examples illustrating the utilization of land