Christopher Columbus Evaluation Essay Example for Free

Christopher capital of Ohio Evaluation EssayWho was the navigator, colonizer, and explorer extraordinaire that fearlessly journeyed the seas and discoered the great New founding? It was Christopher Columbus, of course However, in reality, Columbus didnt actually discover the Americas. Rather, he traveled to an already-inhabited land with not-so-civilized inhabitants, and expropriated both the land, and the indigenous people. By doing this, he brought settlers from Europe, who helped take over the land, causing plenty of suffering and havoc, but also completing the map and transforming life for people around the world. Some believe he was a hero, and around believe he was a monster. However, one mans gain is anothers loss in most cases. Columbus brought change, both cheeseparing and bad, through his actions, which defined his subject and personality. Columbuss journey to the Americas sowed seeds of change and revolution for people all over the world. More people came to the Ne w domain of a function to settle, and natives were brought to Europe, and more exotic tastes were introduced to both hemispheres cattle, sugar, and pigs to the West, tomatoes, potatoes, corn, and cocoa to the East.New animals, especially the horse, changed e rattlingday life for Native Americans, and written language spread the continent, replacing either a complicated system of hieroglyphics or nothing at all. Soon, people from all over the globe began arriving in great numbers, and the continent became a successful beacon of hope for many. Of course, with the up rise of some came the downfall of others. The indigenous people of the New World could not resist the conquistadors most devastating weapon disease.Millions were wiped step forward by smallpox alone, and many were so ill that they could not resist the European conquest. The natives were not the only ones who suffered. Back in Europe, people started suffering from syphilis with the return of the conquistadors. Tobacco, its pleasures, and its deadly secrets were even more gifts to the Old World from the New. As the local population began to shrink, a new type of foreigner began to arrive in large numbers, the Africans. As agriculture-based economy began to spread in the Americas, so did slavery, and suffering for the Africans.Thus, the seeds of racial antagonism were sowed and still affect our society now. Christopher Columbuss character and personality have long been debatable. Depending on how you evaluate his actions, he could either be a hero or a villain to you. Young students today are present with the image of a largerthanlife national hero. In some ways, he is. Without him, the American citizens of today might not even be here. However, it was needful that an outsider would stumble across this land and introduce their people to it, and the native people to a more civilized lifestyle.At the same time, the way that Columbus went about doing that was definitely inhumane. According to a journ al entry from Columbus himself, dated back to 1492, he gained their trust and friendship just so that he could convert them and turn them into slaves. Not only that, but he took over a land that was already inhabited by people, tormented the people so much that there are not even 200 of the native population left today, and claimed that he was the first to sight the land.All this shows that he was very deceiving, unscrupulous, selfish, and definitely lacking chaste. In conclusion, Columbuss conquest to the New World brought forth change, both for the better, and for worse, while his selfish personality showed through the integral time. Whether you see him as a hero or a villain, the collision of the New and Old worlds was inevitable, and his contributions brought forth a connection and world that we should all be very thankful for.

Carl Gustav Jung Essay Example for Free

Carl Gustav Jung EssayCarl Gustav Jung, (26 July 1875 6 June 1961), was a Swiss psychologist and psychiatrist, and the founder of analytical psychology. His work and influence extends way beyond understanding psycheality, and he is considered to be one of the greatest thinkers to have theorised about life and how people relate to it. However, for the purpose of this assignment I will concentrate on Jungs theory of Psychological Types.In this essay I aim to demonstrate an understanding of Jungs personality types by describing and evaluating his theory and to show how they might useful in helping a therapist to determine therapeutic goals. Jung (1990, p.531) states that from earliest durations, attempts have been made to classify individuals according to types, and so bring order to the chaos. The oldest attempts known to us were made by oriental astrologers who devised the so-c anyed trigons of the tetrad elements air, water, earth, and fire. The air trigon in the horoscope consists of the three aerial signs of the zodiac, Aquarius, Gemini, Libra the fire trigon is made up of Aries, Leo, Sagittarius. According to this age old view, whoever is innate(p) in these trigons shargons in their aerial or fiery nature and will have a corresponding nature and fate. In the same paragraph, Jung states that the astrological type theory, to the astonishment of the enlightened, still remains intact today, which is true.Closely connected with the astrological type theory is the division into the four temperaments which corresponds to the four humors (Jung, 1990, p.531). A Greek physician, Claudius Galen (AD130 200), distinguished four basic temperaments the sanguine, the phlegmatic, the choleric, and the melancholic. Galens theory goes back to the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates (460 370BC), who described physical disorder as universe caused by the balance of bodily fluids, or humors as he labelled them (Maltby, et al, 2007, p.159).These bodily fluids are bl ood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm. Galen expanded on Hippocrates theory and applied it to describe human personality, stating that when the humors were in balance, an equitable temperament was the result, however, if the humors were out of balance, then physical illness and mental disturbance occurred (Maltby et al, 2007, p.160). However, by the time of the Middle Ages, scholars dismissed the idea that bodily fluids were directly implicated in personality traits. But the behavioural descriptions associated with the four humours lived on (McAdams, 2000, p.256).Galens four temperaments provided untold inspiration and historic reference for Carl Jungs theory of psychological types. According to Jungs theory we are all different in fundamental slipway and each psychological type has a different idea of what it way to achieve personal success. However, www.personalitypage.com states that, so many people are hung up on person elses idea of what it means to be successful, that t hey are unaware of what is truly important to them. I agree, because for many years, I wanted to be somebody else as that persons life seemed so much better than mine, or so I thought at the time.Jung was one of the few psychologists in the twentieth century to maintain that development extends beyond childhood and adolescence through mid-life and into old age (Stevens, 2001, p.38). Jung insisted that we never finish the process of egotism-examination and growth that charts our pilgrimage towards individuation. (Snowdon, 2010, p.86). In my case, I believe I am on that journey of accepting myself as I truly am, becoming my true self. Stevens (2001, p.38) claims that it could be brought to the highest fruition if one worked with and confronted the unconscious(p), and for me, it is and has been important to face the monsters that lurk (Snowdon, 2010, p.86) in my unconscious, even when it has been uncomfortable to do so.According to Jung, like Freud, there are three levels of instin ct in the psyche (mind)- conscious, personal unconscious and joint unconscious. Snowdon (2010, p.56) states that the individual psyche is always changing as it seeks growth and wholeness.Jung referred to the ego when describing the more conscious typeface of the personality, the part of the psyche that selects perceptions, thoughts, feelings and memories that may enter our conscious awareness. Stevens (2002, p. 62) states that the ego is then centre of consciousness and is responsible for our continuing sense of identity.The personal unconscious comprises of all the acquisitions of personal life, everything forgotten, repressed, subliminally perceived, thought, felt (Jung, 1990, p.485). This is an aspect of the unconscious that Freud also emphasized and these forgotten experiences are accessible to consciousness, and for both Freud and Jung, the exploration of the unconscious is the key to personal acumen (McAdams, 2000, p. 135).Conscious attitudes within the psyche should always be balanced by unconscious attitudes, and Snowdon (2010, p.56) claims that if a conscious attitude grows too strong then the unconscious will always seek to restore equilibrium, by means of dreams, fantasies, slips of the tongue and so on. However, if the unconscious message is ignored, then neurosis or even affection may result (Stevens, 2010, p.57).Where the personal unconscious is unique for each individual the collective unconscious is not an individual acquisition but rather the carrying out of the inherited brain structure, which in its broad outlines is the same in all human beings (Jung, 1954, p.117). Therefore, the collective unconscious represents the shared experiences, emotions and memories we have inherited from previous generations. Jung believed that we were born with a built-in human developmental programme, which is buried deep within the collective unconscious (Snowdon, 2010, p. 80).According to Jung, the personal unconscious contains various complexes, while th e collective unconscious contains archetypes (see Fig 1)Complexes are related groups of emotionally charged ideas, thoughts and images (Snowdon, 2010, p.61), and can exert a strong influence on the thoughts and behaviour of a person. whatsoever complexes may be beneficial and others may be potentially harmful, and Jung (1990, p.529) states that complexes do not necessarily indicate inferiority. It only means that something discordant, unassimilated, antagonistic exists, perhaps as an obstacle, but also as an incentive to greater effort, and so, perhaps to new possibilities of achievement. Therefore, a therapist may use this knowledge to bring to the forefront of the lymph glands consciousness, a situation which they may be finding difficult to overcome.Complexes can be related to a particular archetype, Stevens (2001, p.48) states that complexes are personifications of archetypes they are the means through which archetypes manifest themselves in the personal psyche. An archetype i s a universal thought form or predisposition to respond to the world in certain ways (Jung, 1936), and Jung believed they appeared to us in dreams, myths, religions, art and symptoms. Engler (1991, p.86) claimed that it is helpful for us to get in touch with them because they represent the latent potentially of the psyche.The widely recognised archetypes are the persona, the shadow, the anima and the animus, and the self.The persona archetype is the mask that a person wears to hide their true nature from society. The shadow is an unconscious part of the personality that contains weaknesses and other aspects of personality that a person cannot admit to having (Snowdon, 2010, p.68). The anima is the unconscious feminine aspect of a mans personality, and the animus is the masculine aspect of a womans personality. The self is the central archetype and true midpoint of the personality (Engler, 1991, p.89).A criticism of Jungs theory was his lack of empirical research, in which his theor y has been attacked as being non-falsifiable and unscientific (Hergenhahn, 1994, p.93). Jung based his psychology on explorations of his own inner world, as well as his work with people ranging from normal to those with neurotic problems and even those torment from psychosis (Snowdon, 2010, p.XXVI). Eysenck (Engler, 2009, p.316) believed that from the point of view of science, Jungs contribution to the study of personality types was primarily negative as he permitted mystical notions to override empirical data. However, Jung was unconcerned claiming that he cannot experience himself as a scientific problem. Myth is more individual and expresses life more precisely that does science (Stevens, 2001, p.156).Jungs description of personality states that in order to identify a psychological type, it is necessary to determine whether a persons psychic energy (libido) is turned inwards towards the subject (introversion), or outwards towards the object (extroversion). Introverts are people who prefer their own inner world of thoughts and feelings, whilst extroverts prefer the external world towards external relationships and objects. According to Jung (1990, p.415) the presence of two attitudes is extremely frequent, although one is generally dominant and conscious and the other is subordinate and unconscious.However, McAdams (2000, p.310) claims that Eysenck, a British psychologist of German origin, rejected the idea that conscious extroversion is connected to unconscious introversion, and vice versa. Unlike Jung, Eysenck linked extroversion and introversion to differences in brain activity, however this theory is speculative and Eysenck acknowledged that his hypotheses must stand and pass by empirical confirmation (Eysenck, 1965).Introvert and extrovert dimensions are now found in several theories, one of those being Hans Eysencks theory of personality. Although Eysenck explicit considerable disdain for Jungs approach to psychological types, some of his ideas wer e rather similar, for example, both defined the concepts by making reference to the direction of a persons approach to life (McAdams, 2000, p.309). However, in other ways Eysencks concepts were quite difference, for example, whilst Jung believed that a person can be classified as both extroverted or introverted, he believed that most people fall somewhere between the two attitudes, combining qualities of both the extroverted and introverted poles (McAdams, p. 310).Like Jung, Eysenck examined historical approaches to personality as well as conducting various methods of research, to uncover the underlying structure of personality. Eysenck suggested that the basic dimensions of personality may be summarised in the diagram under (see Fig 2), which show the two main dimensions of extroversion-introversion and stable-unstable, with the traits associated with each personality type. The diagram also shows how the four temperaments are related to these types.

Integrated Marketing Communication Plan For Costa Coffee Marketing Essay

Integrated commercialiseing Communication Plan For costa Coffee Marketing EssayThe design lens of this research is to provide an integrated merchandise communications throw for rib cocoa. The strategic architectural pattern strives to boost the sales of the profession and expand the merchandise place deal of the note. The IMC plan for the products of rib coffee lead college students.The selling objectives of the plan atomic number 18 to increase the purchases and uptake of Costa coffee products among college students. The system of providing discounts to college students ensures that these objectives are attainable. The problem should likewise increase its market share and expand its business outlets by utilizing the marketing, advertising and promotions set out in this plan.Conversely, the structure of the communication objectives contained in this plan aims to cut into the desired earshot in an effective and cost effective manner. The access to information r egarding the business should be made readily available to the guide audience. The objectives of the plan, therefore, would be to provide as much information as undeniable for customers in frame to increase sales, build the business dishonor and increase its market share. displace into consideration the fact that the manoeuver audiences are usually the hardest to reach, it is critical to align the strategies developed with realistic objectives in order to attain the desired goals. The objectives of the integrated marketing communications plan developed, therefore, connects both(prenominal) the desired objectives to the development strategies in order to arrive at the objectives set out.The fall uponment of the integrated marketing communications plan becomes attainable through the combination of various communication vehicles such as the profit, private sales, advertisements and sales promotion. The selection of these vehicles is based on the target audiences and, therefore, identified as the most appropriate orders of communication to attain the planned objectives.It is noneworthy that the current fire adopt by the business in this respect does not comprehensively provide for the needs of the target population. The incentives adopted to achieve this approach work to enhance the current strategies in order to come up with strategies aimed at college students.It is, therefore, decisive that the situations call for a strategic approach aimed at both marketing and communications. Bringing into the picture the fact that the target audiences are the most difficult to reach, the strategies adopted must be within the realm of the target audience. The communication strategies must likewise fall within the setup of this population in order to achieve effectiveness.BackgroundTwo br differents Sergio and Bruno Costa established costa coffee in 1971. The coffee was initially sold to the locals and subsequently they went ahead to open a coffee shop. Currently Costa coffee is among the fastest growing chain of coffee shops with numerous shops within the United Kingdom and a couple of other shops across the globe. The troupe went international in 1999 with an establishment in Dubai. In 1995, the business became a fully owned subsidiary after it was acquired by White starting line and in 2009, the business acquired coffee heaven increasing its business operations by an additional 79 stores.Situational overviewMarketing summaryCoffee is among the most preferable beverage among a large percentage of the inhabitants in the UK, and the preference extends globally. The rapid growth in the industry shows that the preference for coffee is ever growing and the market for the business increasing, as well. By the close of 2010, Costa coffee was the market leader in the business with the principal market share in the industry.Market environmentCosta coffee entrust view higher commodity prices in the future. Some factors affecting all the key mar ket players include the prices of coffee and other commodities habituated by the businesses, technological advancement, and expansion and development techniques. The impact of these issues in the communications planning is eminent as it offers the Costa coffee customers products as well as valuable information regarding the products and promotional offers.Consumer analysisThe primary consumers of the products of the business enterprise are coffee lovers of all ages. The products of Costa coffee gull been developed to maintain the traditionalistic taste to retain its current customers as well as attract more than customers through the constant good forest coffee. The current market comprises of both local and international customers with a passion for the traditionally brewed coffee and exceptional services offered by Costa coffee.Competitor analysisStarbucks coffee is the strongest competitor to Costa coffee with a substantial share of the market. Even though, Costa coffee has a larger share of the market compared to Starbucks the deviation in this market share is marginal and therefore, the determination of the price of the products and consumer influence among the competitors is not set by any of the players but set by market forces.SWOT analysisStrengthsThe main strengths of the business include its brand and custom products. The business brand has a strong reputation for providing excellent products, and the brands association with the traditional coffee brewing methods by using good character coffee contributes to the strength of the business. This gives the business an edge among its competitors.WeaknessesThe most significant weaknesses of the business are the procedures unavoidable in opening a new outlet. Although these procedures act to maintain the brand quality, they hinder the rapid expansion of their business through the numerous procedural requirements. The analyzable procedures always deter the expansion process.OpportunitiesThe busine ss has operational opportunities in the international market, and this venture will see the business increase its revenue and market share. The presence of the business in the international arena is still lacking and, with investment in the international emerging markets through franchise, this becomes a viable option in ensuring global presence.ThreatsPotential threats to the business are the vulnerabilities to economics shifts such as the change in the price of coffee beans and legal issues.Target audienceThe target market for the integrated market and communications plan is the young population and more so the college student population. The populace makes up a considerable grammatical constituent of the economy, and the disposable incomes of the target population fit the products offered by the business.OverviewThe brand grammatical construction by the company has ensured that the business has stayed afloat and further facilitated the expansion of the business. The use of the business brand in marketing helps to attract customers into the business. The college students targeted by the plan will likely be attracted to Costa coffee by its brand and its products qualityThe bridal of a strategy to focus on the younger generation and especially the college students founded on the notion that since most of the stores are situated next to bookshops and colleges, the business is strategically positioned for the target audiences. The media vehicles used to reach this population, therefore, inclines towards the employment of technological approaches to communication and in this regard, the use of the lucre preferred.The existing communications strategy used by the company involves the use of the net, where the business has a website on its products but apart from that, the business does not have other marketing plans. The business website is not interactive and does not have a vibrant outlay, although the website provides links to the companies social networks the relationship between the social media and website are not well interlinked.Another development in the business is that, in 2006, the business sponsored the Costa book awards meant to celebrate storytelling and literary works, which further informs the modalities of choosing the target population and the strategies developed.ObjectivesThe integrated marketing plan will achieve some marketing communications objectives that will act as a basis for the enhancement of the business activities of Costa coffee. The objectives of the plan are ascertainable and based on the SWOT analysis of the business. The general objective of the plan is to alter the brand name of Costa coffee. This becomes attainable through increasing the brand image, which will better sales and increase the organizations market share.The objectives of the plan will vary in degree but in order to arrive at the primary objective of the plan, it is necessary to put into consideration objectives aimed at making fundam ental and implementation decisions. The goals of the plan, therefore, include providing awareness to the target population through advertisement, facilitate the introduction, and build sales of new products such as the Costa gift card and the book awards, gain consumer trust and unwaveringty and offer excellent products to the customers.The objectives of the marketing communications would be to inform the customers by creating and stimulating interest and awareness. This will make the target customers know about the products offered and the availability of these products. In this regard and respect to the target population, therefore, the strategies sedulous must be trendy and appealing. Persuading the customers that the products of Costa coffee are the best value for them compared to the competitors in like manner forms the objectives of marketing communications. Giving offers and providing a reward program for loyal customers should inform the strategy used in this achievement. Additionally reminding the existing customers of the products and the quality of the products of Costa coffee assists the business improve its sales, as the customers are informed of it presence.Messages enigmaHOW TO ADDRESS THE PROBLEMMESSAGENone of the Costa coffee products are meant for the college studentsProvide students a discount on the Costa productsCosta coffee determine all its customers, especially the young generationCosta coffee does not give back to the societyProvide scholarships and events such as book awardsCosta coffee supports education.Major message to the customersMESSAGE NAME AND CORE MESSAGEMESSAGE SUBSTANTIATIONCosta coffee values the contribution of the students to its businessCosta coffee will introduce discounts to its customers especially to the college students in order to appeal to the younger generation.Costa coffee values educationCosta coffee will establish a scholarship program for college students and provide other educational support such as boo k awards to students.Communications strategyThe communication strategy employed aims at the development and implementation of communication plans to enhance the visibility of Costa coffee. The strategy works to generate positive media coverage through the fundamental interaction through the social media. This will in turn generate support from customers on the improvements to tailor the Costa coffee to the needs of its customers. The communication strategy also facilitates the encouragement of the business customers to support Costa coffee. firebrandingBranding promotes the recognition of a product or service of a provider and where the provider provides quality services the brand is remembered and serves to provide repeat customers for the brand. The tendency of individuals to adhere to familiarity is a common factor in the consumption habits and, therefore, the use of a familiar brand translates top positive reception of services and products even where the products are new. When a customer recognizes a brand that they have used previously they tend to cull that product over the others.Marketing communications mixTo position the products of Costa coffee strategically, the approach used focuses on the emphasis on the quality of its products sort of of the prices. It is evident that the quality of the products of Costa coffee remains at a high standard throughout the market. The mix adopted in the attainment of this includes the use of advertisements, sales promotion, personal selling, and common relations.Advertisement involves the use of paid and non-personal form of media communication. The use of advertisement achieves many objectives in this endeavor such as building the brand image of the business, and passing the relevant information to the target audience. The downside of this form of communication is the expenses attached to an advertisement, which are usually high. Comparatively material is the use of personal selling which uses personal interacti ons with the aim of fostering a good relationship with the customers. This method makes a representation of the long-term commitment of the business to its customers and facilitates the use of feedback. However, this method is more expensive compared to the other methods. Paul et al. (1999) provides that sales promotion, on the other hand, use a variety of styles ranging from promotions coupons, discounts and contests. This method attracts customers as well as provides them with purchase-oriented incentives. The barrier to this method is that it does not aim at the long term objectives of marketing communications. Public relations support the credibility of the business as it is a more believable form of marketing communication and uses a variety of features in approach such as sponsorships, news stories and features as well as promotions. This approach is relatively inexpensive and achieves many desirable results.Creative strategiesThe creative strategy employed in the achievement of the objectives of the integrated marketing communications plan required for effective advertising. The creative strategies stem from the marketing strategy of Costa coffee, take into consideration the opinion of the customers, and integrate the component of honesty. The creative strategies should not promise what cannot be delivered and must be formulated on realistic expectations. The creative strategies aim at providing value to the customers and a solution to their problems. The focus of advertising is to show the customers that Costa coffee has a product that is of interest to them and that the product is of a good quality. The communication to the customer revolves around their tastes and preferences.Media strategyThe target market segment of the plan will be individuals who are attending college and who have a regular access to the internet. In this regard, the preferred media for the attainment of the objectives of the plan will rely majorly on the internet. The same poss ess a structure aimed at attracting the initial consumption of Costa coffee and subsequently work to retain these customers while attracting more. Ajasafe et al. (2011) discusses that the availability of internet access to this fraction of the target population through their institutions further supports the preference for the internet.Measurement and brand equity conceptsThe success of the integrated marketing communications plan will be based on the improvement of sales by Costa coffee. The awareness of the target population shall also form a causative factor in the assessment of the plans success. The return on marketing investment shall be based on these two factors as well as the military position of the target audience to brand. The key objective of the plan being to improve on the sales, the change in the sale quantities of business shall be a acquire indicator of the plans success. Putting into consideration the fact that the strategies adopted cannot yield immediate resu lts a period of three months should be allowed in order to determine the expertness of the plan (Malcolm and Wilson 2011). If, at the end of this period, the sales of the business do not increase then the plan should be reevaluated to ensure the set objectives are met.Brand awareness is also a crucial objective of the plan as a good brand wills attract customers to purchase a product. The ultimate goal, therefore, is to improve the brand awareness and ensure a positive attitude by the customers toward these products.Below the line communicationsThis method of communication implies the use of channels that do not involve mass media. These methods focus on both brand building and sales promotions. It allows for engagement with the target audience in a more interactive and personal way. The communication needs are in turn tailored to fit the requirements and the expectations of the audience.PromotionPromotion plays the key role in the marketing plan with an estimate of half of the bud get. Promotional activities and provision of discounts on the goods is a highly effective method of marketing as it is engaging to the intended target group. The concept will increase the brand awareness as well as boost sales with the use of practical marketing, which allows consumers to have an emotion experience with the brand. The discount programs shall be applied to stores located around colleges and areas with a large population of the target group.Gifts and couponsThe use of gifts and coupons for customers will improve the sales of the business as well as its brand name by giving the customers incentives to purchase from the store. These concepts give customers a causation to choose the brand over the rest because the customers are rewarded.Public relationsThis is also far-famed as the target audiences are made aware of the presence of the brand and the foodstuff available for them. The concept also becomes practical where the audiences are reminded of the presence of the brand in the market. This concept fits the case of Costa coffee as the target audience can be reached both efficiently and effectively. This is true because of the huge concentration of the target audience in the selected areas.Direct and DigitalMagazinesBy using magazines, especially those oriented towards the college students the target audience can be provided information as well as education on the products of Costa coffee. The essence of these advertisements is to drive the audience towards purchasing the advertised products. The target audiences in this case are more responsive to magazines that talk about contemporary issues and technology magazines, as well as educational magazines. This implies, therefore, that in order to reach the population it is imperative to advertise in these magazines.InternetThe use of the internet is the most extensive form of communication aimed at achieving the objective of this plan. The reason the internet is the most efficient and practical ve hicle for communication is that it has several modes of communication within it ranging from internet advertisements, social media, websites, and blogs. The internet is also comparatively cheaper than the other methods of communication such as promotions. The internet methods are also instant and the information is made available in a timely manner. It is also noteworthy that the target population is in constant touch with the internet world and as such a lo9t of emphasis should be placed on internet communication. The vast array of channels of internet communication also provides massive coverage of the target population.IntegrationThe business brand will play a central role in the integration of various communication methods to be used in the plan. The brand will act as a ghost for the business, and whichever method is applied in the communication strategy the contents of the communication must include the business brand of Costa coffee for identification of the business (Chris 2 010).JANFEBMARAPRMAYJUNEJULYAUGSEPTOCTNOVDECPROMOTIONGIFTS AND COUPONSPUBLIC RELATIONSMAGAZINESINTERNETTactical calendarBudgetThe largestportionof the estimated budget is set for promotionswhich results to 50% of the estimated budget. The decision to allocate this large percentage to promotion stems from the massive contributions of promotions towards the attainment of the planned objectives. The second budget estimate is set of advertisements and takes a percentage of 15% of the estimated budget (John 2007). The contribution of advertisements to the objective is also substantial, and the cost of putting up advertisements is higher than the other options, therefore, inflating the cost of advertisements. Other estimates in the budgeting process include public relations, which require 15% of the estimated budget. Public relations also provide a good platform in the marketing and communications strategy and, therefore, require a good budget portion. The emphasis on this vehicle culmina tes from the anticipated impact of this vehicle on the outcome of the integrated marketing communications plan. Gift, coupons, and the use of the internet will both take an equal allocation of the remaining budget.

Major Factors For The Low Profitability Commerce Essay

Major Factors For The Low Profitability Commerce EssayTo regard the indispensable elements that contributed as major factors for the low profitability in the information processing system industry, the group had to apply Porters five forces orientation. The main reasons for a low average profitability in the computer market even though there exists juicy level of output and innovation especially during the last ten years lavatory be attributed to these factorsPrimary, as a weak strategic choice, Stiff Competition (which ultimately led to price competition) was war of attrition between these companies, and of course as a result of this some money was left on the table and average profitability was low. Secondly, product differentiation among the industries was very weak and complementary products that would submit made a difference were non as such available. Thirdly, as it can be seen from the business chain, the suppliers had monopoly power over the manufacturers. Fourth, thr eat of the substitutes was very high since there was no brand loyalty on the part of customers. So, as a result these forces were able to put an undeniable pressure on the computer industry and led to a low average profitability.2) Why has Dell been so successful despite the low average profitability in the PC industry?In 1998 the computer industry shared or had the same kind of business strategy. This is more(prenominal) obvious when one sees the similarity in dissemination carry. What made Dell distinctive from the competitors was their application of the Blue Ocean strategy. Dell focused on direct orders from customers, offering customer tailored products and meanwhile real new marketing and distribution strategy. This resulted in low product variable be and 8% increase in operating(a) profit in comparability with usage of standard distribution channels.Dell segmented their customers in two main groups relationship and transaction buyers. This increased the capability of be tter understanding and responding more efficiently to customer needs. This raised customer satisfaction level and created loyal customers, which affected positively the lodges profitability.The decision to take orders instantly from the internet web page, knowing especially through a new CRM model, made it possible for Dell to provide innovative service and products to all customer segments. A crucial headstone to Dells success was the decision to proceed with production only after an order was received.In the same time focusing on limited number of suppliers and maintaining occlude relationship with them, allowed Dell to separate delivery of different components of production, thus reducing shipping time and decreasing operating cost by keeping short letter at minimum level.Dells successes resulted from implementing an impressive and profitable corporate strategy by focusing heavily on direct customers and suppliers.3) Prior to the recent (19971998) actions by the competitor s to hold in Dell, how big was Dells competitive advantage?The personal computer industry has been one of the most competitive industries in the world. It is typically characterized by rapid innovations, low costs, and in most cases, the demand for updated processing systems has kept this industry very attractive.The only way companies can be profitable under this set framework was to be operationally efficient. In the 1990s, the growth of the World Wide Web led to an increased demand for PC and thus consequently led to a parentage in prices because of its highly competitive nature.Dells efficiency in 1997-1998 came from two key success factors First, they sell directly to their customers so their distribution channels are saucer-eyed and cheap (eliminating all middlemen costs, no dealership markup). Second, they adapted the necessitate Model, where they only do build-to-order, which kept inventories low. Low inventories mean that, when the competing companies drop the price of its processors, Dell did not tolerate accumulated old expensive processors. It was able to strangle the prices on its computers faster than its competitors can, because the components that made up those computers are the latest and cheapest.Dell clearly terrific its customers segments and as part of its strategy, it targeted the corporate customers (relationship buyers) who were volume buyers. As a result, the transactions costs/per PC sale were substantially lower compared to its competitors.In summary, Dells strategy was characterized byBuild-to-order and direct-to-customer relationshipsFocus on specific market segmentsLow cost distributionManufacturing and strong supplier relationshipsMinimum inventoryService and repair through call in and third parties.Exhibit 1 shows that Dell as compared with the competitors had a low gross margin. (See annex)Exhibit 2 shows that Dells net profit margin is the same as the market average. We can conclude that the fixed costs for Dell was mu ch lower than for the competitors, which gave Dell an opportunity to cut prices unlike its competitors. (See annex)Exhibit 3 shows that the attach to has a relatively low inventory turnover which gives the company a competitive advantage in the fiercely growing market by minimizing losses. (See annex)4) How effective have competitors been in responding to the challenge posed by dells advantage?IBMIBM was the first PC maker to recognize Dells competitive advantage in direct gross revenue distribution. In early 1990s it launched a series of initiatives to improve the coordination with resellers and distributors called Joint Manufacturing Program that was followed by Integration and assemblage program and Enhanced Integration and Assembly Programs. IBM started to ship heavily configured PCs to resellers and distributors who completed the configuration of the machine for the end users.In 1995 IBM launched Authorized Assembly Program shipping lightly configured computers (Model 0s) to downriver partners who would complete the assembly with the missing components and ship to customers. The AAP program helped IBM to rapidly deliver customized PCs without holding large amounts of inventory.In 1998 IBM launched its web site where business customers would refer to certain resellers and individual customers could purchase standardized PCs directly from IBM.CompaqIn 1994 Compaq was the worlds largest manufacturer of PCs. Compaqs initial strategy was to distribute the PCs to customers primarily through retail stores. The company launched several attempted initiatives to sell directly to customers (online catalogue in 1993 and toll free telephone in 1996) which soon had to be shut down because of channel conflicts.From 1995, Compaq launched new initiatives to reduce the inventory by optimizing its production system and introducing Optimized Distribution Model. This eventually reduced the inventory to 25 days.Starting from 1998 Compaq launched Direct Plus Program sellin g PCs directly to customers via internet and telephone. Direct Plus came with additional services such as support service, software modules and leasing programs.HPHP sold PCs mainly through distributors and resellers and retail channels. HP was reluctant to sell PCs directly to customers and although in 1997 it started to accept orders on its web site, the PCs were delivered to the customers through resellers.In 1998 HP extended the scope of HP obtain Village web service that allowed the consumers to purchase PCs directly from the web site, however like IBM business customers were referred to resellers.GatewayGateways business model was very similar to Dells, the company took orders from the customers, build the PCs and shipped them directly to the customers. Initially the strategy was very successful but over time Gateways competitive advantage declined despite a series of initiatives. In 1998 the company lost its corporate customer segment and refocused on small businesses.Despit e the efforts the competitors made to match Dells success, none of them were particularly successful.5) What should each of Dells major rivals (IBM, Compaq, HP, Gateway) do now?As a short term solution, competitors (IBM, Compaq, HP and Gateway) before focusing on their core competence and increase their market margin they have to imitate Dells competitive advantages for some time. But in the long run competitors shouldPursue sustainable increase in efficiency of the production processes to decrease the operating costs analyze and revise current supply chain, outsourcing certain tasks to the other geographical location in order to benefit from the lower labor cost and also try to find new market place as a comparative and competitive advantage.A special attention should be apt(p) to premium customers (large companies) through direct sales and sales-force, because these clients make big and repetitive orders, and for the rest of the segments sales can be conducted through Internet or phone. Direct sales help avoid leaving margins in pocket of resellers and distributors.And most importantly, they should focus on their specialization.CompanyKey Market segmentsKey Distribution channelsBusinessDellLarge BusinessDirect distribution 86.6%Assembly (only)GatewayHome and small businessDirect distribution 90.43%ProductionHPSmall and middle business 32.6% Individuals 28%Distributors 75%, Resellers, 23%ProductionCompaqSmall and middle business IndividualsDistributors 66.6%, Resellers, 24.6%ProductionIBMLarge Business Small and sensitive BusinessDistributors 69.6%, Resellers, 18.4%ProductionAnnexExhibit 1Exhibit 2Exhibit 3

Computer Networks And Wireless Transmissions

Computer Ne iirks And Wireless TransmissionsIn telecommunications, wireless communication may be use to transfer information everyplace improvident distances or long distance. The term is often shortened to wireless. it encompasses various types of fixed , mobile, cellular teleph hotshots etc. at present -a days people who need to be online all the time. For these mobile users, twisted pair, coax, and fiber optics be of no use. They need to get their hits of data for their laptop, notebooks, shirt sackful or wrist watch computers without being tethered to the terrestrial communication infrastructure. For these users, wireless communication is the answer.THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUMWireless transmission can provide specific services and conveniences to people, much(prenominal) as connection to the internet or other networks without connecting to wire directly. It can also facilitate the creation of networks in limited situations, such as terrain that is unfri completionly to ground cables. Wireless communication began, in fact, in the Hawaiian island precisely the problem of terrain separated by large stretched of ocean. governmental organizations determine which sections of the spectrum of light ar all to which wireless transmission purpose. Because the existing organizations are always in agreement with current practice or with individually other, approximately products manufactured for one country may not work in another.RADIO TRANSMISSIONRadio waves are easy to generate and are omnidirectional, but have low transmission rates. Also, dep displaceing on their frequency, radio waves either cannot run low very far, or are absorbed by the earth. In some cases, though, high frequency waves are reflected back to earth by the ionosphere. Ionosphere is a layer of the atmosphere.MICROWAVE TRANSMISSIONMicrowave transmission is popular for its ability to give-up the ghost in heterosexual person lines. A source can be directly focused on its destination w ithout interfering with neighboring transmissions. Because they travel in straight lines, though, the curvature of the earth can interrupt with the microwave transmitters. The solution to this is the addition of repeaters in between the source and destination to redirect the data path. Microwaves are used for long distance communication like cellular phones, garage door openers and so on..INFRARED AND MILLIMETER WAVESInfrared light is used for close- range communication, such as remote controls, because if does not pass through objects well up. This is also a plus because infrared communications in one room de not interfere with the infrared communications in another room. Infrared communication is more secure than other option, such as radio, but it cannot be used away(p) due to interference by the sun.LIGHTWAVE TRANSMISSIONLasers can be used for wireless communication. It is a relatively low cost way to connect two buildings LAN, but it has drawbacks. The laser is difficult to target on the destinations receiver because the beam is so small. Laser light also diffuses easily in poor atmospherical conditions like rain, fog and so on.TERMS OF WIRELESS TRANSMISSIONThe theoretical basis for data communicationTransmission mediaWireless transmissionThe telephone clayNarrowband ISDNBroadband ISDN and ATMTHE THEORETICAL BASIS FOR DATA COMMUNICATIONHarmonicsAn infinite series, such as a Fourier series, is just the addition of an infinite number of toll. all(prenominal) term is called a harmonic.BaudSignals are used to s difference data over a write. If we want to indicate a data change, there is a corresponding signal change on the wire. The upper limit possible number of signal changes per second is called the baud.Fourier SeriesA periodic function is one that repeats itself over time. Sine and cowickedness are periodic functions. Fourier proved that any reasonably behaved periodic function could be written as a sum of sine and cosine functions. This is importa nt because sine and cosine are easily represented and recreated. The Fourier series allows periodic signals to be sent over a wire.Voice-Grade LineA voice-grade line has certain restrictions that limits the maximum number of signal changes per second.Signal-To-Noise Ratio DecibelsA way to measure to measure the thermal hitch that is present on a wire.TRANSMISSION MEDIAHere more than ten terms are there so I am expiration to explain five termsMagnetic MediaMaterial on which to store data. It is used in diskettes and magnetic tape. Magnetic media is a common way to transport data quickly.Twisted pas de deuxThe oldest and still most common transmission medium. Two insulated copper wires. Twisting the wires reduces electrical interferences from nearby wires. It also counters the antenna effect caused by parallel wires.Head-EndIn a dual cable system, there are two cables which only transmit data in one direction each. At one end of the network, data is collection from one line for re- transmission on the line going the opposite direction. The end of the network responsible for the data collection and retransmission is called the head-end.SubsplitWhen two cables are not used, but there is need for simulation of dual cable system, bandwidth on a single cable can be split up, with one portion representing one cable, and the other portion representing the second cable. Splitting the frequencies so that the lower frequencies are used for one purpose and the higher for another is called a subsplit system.ModeCharacteristic of a light wave associated with the reflection of the wave through the silica fiber.WIRELESS TRANSMISSIONFrequency (F)Light and electricity travel in the form of waves. Waves are periodic in that they repeat themselves, so the frequency of a wave is just the number of times the wave repeats itself in one second.Hertz (Hz)The unit of measure of frequency. The name comes from the german physicist who first produced electromagnetic waves.Wavelength (Lam bda)Wavelength is the measure of the length of a wave that is it is used ti fix the distance between two consecutive maxima or minima.Speed Of Light (C)The speed that electromagnetic waves travel in a vacuum approximately 3*108 m/sec. electromagnetic waves do not travel as fast through a medium as they do through a vacuum. blossom SpectrumA pattern for EM transmission which is popular in the military for its ability to avoid jamming. The transmitter hops from frequency to frequency across a wide frequency band.THE TELEPHONE SYSTEMIn this there are more than ten terms so here I am going to explain six termsPublic Switched Telephone NetworkThe currently existing network used for telephone communication. It was designed specifically for voice, and is not well suited for use by computers for transmitting data to one another.End OfficeThe place to which your telephones lines connect to receive the telephone service. The distance from the telephone to the end office is usually small aro und 1 to 10km).Toll OfficesSwitching centers that connect several end offices.Tandem OfficesSimilar to the toll office, except it connects the end offices that are within the same local area.Toll Connecting TrunksThe hardware which connects the end office to the toll of offices.NARROWBAND ISDNIntegrated Services Digital Network fully digital, circuit switched telephone system that is designed to accommodate both voice and data services.Digital Bit PipeA bi-directional logical pipe which provide pass bits on from source to destination without concern about whether they are voice.NT1Device placed between the user and the nearest end office allows ISDN connection. sphere Old Telephone Exchange or NT2Device placed between the end user which can provide a variety of ISDN services.Narrowband ISDNISDN services on 64-kbps channels.BROADBAND ISDN AND ATMBroadband ISDNIt is more recent design for a digital network on which data can travel rates of 155Mbps. It is base on ATM technology.Perma nent Virtual CircuitsVirtual circuits that remains in place for extended periods of time.Switched Virtual CircuitsVirtual circuits that remains in place for short periods of time, typically related to the session time.Head-Of-Line BlockingIf a questionable cell tries to come into ATM switch, it will be stalled, effectively stalling the cells behind it unfairly. This is called head-of -line blocking. spectator SwitchTo solve the head-of-line blocking problem, queuing on the output side has been proposed. The knockout switch does just this, by stimulating a single output align by having several output queues that are activated on a round- robin type basis.FORMULAETHE THEORETICAL BASIS FOR DATA COMMUNICATIONBaud sayThe baud rate is NOT the same as the data rate. Baud tells how many signals are sent per second, but there are ways of encode more than one bit per signal change. AVOID getting this confused.Baud= number of signal changes/secondMaximum Data Rate Of A groove (Nyquists The orem)Max data rate=2 Hlog2 VH=bandwidth in HZV=discrete levelsThis verbal expression shows the maximum number of bits that can be sent per second on a data line with a bandwidth of H, is V bits are sent per signal. The max data rate should be in bits per second.Signal-To-Noise Ratio10log10(S/N)S=signal powerN=noise powerThis figure is used to quantify the quality of a line. It is not usually presented as a ratio, but instead it is given in the units decibels.Maximum Number of Bits Per Second (Shannons Result)Max number of bits per second=H log2 (1+(S/N))This formula shows the maximum achievable data rate on a noisy line. The difference between shannons result and Nyquists theorem is that Shannons result takes the noise on a line into consideration. The noise can drastically reduce a lines capacity to send data. It is measured in bits per second.TRANSMISSION MEDIAAttenuation10 log10 (transmitted power/ received power)Attenuation is a way to measure the amount of power lost in a sig nals strength from when it was sent to when it was received. Attenuation is measured in decibels.WIRELESS TRANSMISSIONThis formula is used to find the relationship between frequency, wavelength, and the speed of light.Lambda f=cLambda=wavelengthF=frequencyC=speed of lightTHE TELEPHONE SYSTEMThis formula is used to fine the bits per second.Bits per second= number of bits per signal change*baud.BIBILIOGRPHYGoogle.comWikipedia.com

The Way Life Goes :: Short Stories Shopping Papers

The Way Life Goes With the national economy stronger than it has been in decades, 1999 was a boot year for good old American consumerism. Timely for a generation of consumers. Nordstrom Inc., integrity of the nations oldest retail legends, approaches its 100th anniversary with everyplace one hundred subdivision stores across the country. Nordstrom profits by targeting untapped consumer resources in cities such as Providence whose shoppers previously crossed state lines to fit their closets and empty-bellied their bank accounts. The opening of one of their shiniest new branches, the first in Rhode Island, boasts milky marble floors, the latest in escalator design and Providences gameest sectionalisation of designer clad shoppers. Whether you are in Nashville or Anchorage, the quality of merchandise, service, and shopping environment at Nordstrom is set at a high standard. The personal line of credit is thick with expensive perfume, sales clerks are smartly dressed and exc itable, pink cashmere hangs delicately from the racks. Nordstrom Inc, which has done well in the stock exchange and on the internet, attempts to pop the question a pleasant shopping experience for customers. After a white chocolate mocha at the Nordstrom Caf and three expansive floors of warm command processing overhead lighting, most(prenominal) agree. People come for the atmosphere, the fashion, and if they happen to know about Leroy, they come for the music. Sometime in November, a young man from East Providence wandered into Nordstrom with a assembly of friends, noticed that the black Steinway on the first floor was silent, sat down, and began to play. As his fingers rolled an eclectic mix of gospel, jazz, and blues across the ivory keys, a meeting of shoppers abandoned their purchases, literally dropped their bags, to surround the piano, drawn by the music to this magnetic musician. No one had heard anything like it, especially in a department store. Stephanie in jewelry di aled Merideth on the third floor. Nineteen year old Leroy Robinson landed himself a job.Three months later at 1000 on a Tuesday morning, uncomfortable with the silence of slow business, Leroy evokes the same reactions for the fewer who meander in. Entranced stares. Commending nods. Grown men surround the Steinway to tap their feet, clench their fists, and in a few octaves above their natural ability, sing fragmented lyrics to old jazz tunes. He appears lost in a world of improvisational music but he looks up to acknowledge the customers and smiles at every last one.The Way Life Goes Short Stories Shopping PapersThe Way Life Goes With the national economy stronger than it has been in decades, 1999 was a peak year for good old American consumerism. Timely for a generation of consumers. Nordstrom Inc., one of the nations oldest retail legends, approaches its 100th anniversary with over one hundred department stores across the country. Nordstrom profits by targeting untapped con sumer resources in cities such as Providence whose shoppers previously crossed state lines to fill their closets and empty their bank accounts. The opening of one of their shiniest new branches, the first in Rhode Island, boasts milky marble floors, the latest in escalator design and Providences highest class of designer clad shoppers. Whether you are in Nashville or Anchorage, the quality of merchandise, service, and shopping environment at Nordstrom is set at a high standard. The air is thick with expensive perfume, sales clerks are smartly dressed and excitable, pink cashmere hangs delicately from the racks. Nordstrom Inc, which has done well in the stock exchange and on the internet, attempts to provide a pleasant shopping experience for customers. After a white chocolate mocha at the Nordstrom Caf and three expansive floors of warm overhead lighting, most agree. People come for the atmosphere, the fashion, and if they happen to know about Leroy, they come for the music. Sometim e in November, a young man from East Providence wandered into Nordstrom with a group of friends, noticed that the black Steinway on the first floor was silent, sat down, and began to play. As his fingers rolled an eclectic mix of gospel, jazz, and blues across the ivory keys, a crowd of shoppers abandoned their purchases, literally dropped their bags, to surround the piano, drawn by the music to this magnetic musician. No one had heard anything like it, especially in a department store. Stephanie in jewelry dialed Merideth on the third floor. Nineteen year old Leroy Robinson landed himself a job.Three months later at 1000 on a Tuesday morning, uncomfortable with the silence of slow business, Leroy evokes the same reactions for the few who meander in. Entranced stares. Commending nods. Grown men surround the Steinway to tap their feet, clench their fists, and in a few octaves above their natural ability, sing fragmented lyrics to old jazz tunes. He appears lost in a world of improvis ational music but he looks up to acknowledge the customers and smiles at every last one.

Eating Disorder Essay - Bulimarexia Changed My Life -- Personal Narrat

Bulimargonxia Changed My LifeIt was a frigid day in September 2003, and I was on my focus into school. This was the introductory day of school, in my Senior year. Everyone said it is suppose to be the best year of your high school career. However, it wasnt that way for me. I walked into school on that day, and I felt as if I had some terrible disease. People were avoiding me, ignoring me, and this had never happened before. I was always Miss Popularity all through discover school and I endlessly had someone around me. Therefore, getting the cold shoulder was new to me. Day after day I would come to school feeling left out and alone. I had no idea what was happening to all my friends. Until one day I overheard some people talking about me. I was so damage to hear the things being said, because it was far from the truth. These lies and rumors went on until November, when Homecoming was over. Every week there was a new rumor, a new lie, a new way to hurt me. One week I was a lesbian , the next week I dated every guy in school, whatsoever lie that anyone would believe. At first, I let it go in one ear and out the other. Even though it hurt, I didnt want anyone to know it bothered me. However, holding it inner(a) was even worse. At this point I felt alike(p) I had no one to lean on, and nowhere to escape from this nightmare. I tried everything to flummox myself wake up and realize this was all a terrible dream. However, I never woke up and the horror continued. During this time my parents were having troubles as well. Hence, I felt like everything was coming down around me and I had no idea how to stop it. Finally, after about a month, I could not hold my feelings in any longer. I ended up falling into the horrible disease called bulimarexia. Bulimarexia is ... ...veryone is different and nothing is wrong with that. However, there is something wrong with a world make of the same mold. If God would have done that, do you know how boring this world would be? W e would all know everything about one another, there would be nothing new to learn. Everyone is different for a reason and if someone cant accept that, then they are not worth your time or energy. To be yourself is a wonderful thing, and I am glad that I realized this now instead of later. I am enjoying myself and getting to live a less stressful life. I am so thankful to be able to share my story and hope that it will help everyone in some way. Remember that you are important just the way you are and that everyone should accept that, if they are your true friends. You are not a puppet and no one should expect that of you, if they enjoy your feelings and friendship